{"id":1123,"date":"2019-10-09T02:26:59","date_gmt":"2019-10-09T02:26:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/astro3d.org.au\/?p=1123"},"modified":"2021-01-27T15:04:00","modified_gmt":"2021-01-27T04:04:00","slug":"not-long-ago-the-centre-of-the-milky-way-exploded","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/astro3d.org.au\/not-long-ago-the-centre-of-the-milky-way-exploded\/","title":{"rendered":"Not long ago, the centre of the Milky Way exploded"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><h2>ASTRO 3D researchers find evidence of a cataclysmic flare that punched so far out of the Galaxy, its impact was felt 200,000 light years away.<\/h2>\n<p><!-- \/divi:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- divi:html --><\/p>\n<figure><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Y16XMNZbbIM\" width=\"1120\" height=\"630\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/divi:html --><\/p>\n<p>A titanic, expanding beam of energy sprang from close to the supermassive black hole in the centre of the Milky Way just 3.5 million years ago, sending a cone-shaped burst of radiation through both poles of the Galaxy and out into deep space.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s the finding arising from research conducted by a team of scientists led by Professor Joss Bland-Hawthorn from Australia\u2019s ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) and soon to be published in\u00a0<em>The Astrophysical Journal.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The phenomenon, known as a Seyfert flare, created two enormous \u2018ionisation cones\u2019 that sliced through the Milky Way \u2013 beginning with a relatively small diameter close to the black hole, and expanding vastly as they exited the Galaxy.<\/p>\n<p>So powerful was the flare that it impacted on the Magellanic Stream \u2013 a long trail of gas extending from nearby dwarf galaxies called the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. The Magellanic Stream lies at an average 200,000 light years from the Milky Way.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jD-h9IzlVj8\" width=\"1120\" height=\"630\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>The explosion was too huge, says the Australian-US research team, to have been triggered by anything other than nuclear activity associated with the black hole, known as Sagittarius A, or Sgr A*, which is about 4.2 million times more massive than the Sun.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe flare must have been a bit like a lighthouse beam,\u201d says Professor Bland-Hawthorn, who is also at the University of Sydney.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cImagine darkness, and then someone switches on a lighthouse beacon for a brief period of time.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Using data gathered by the Hubble Space Telescope, the researchers calculated that the massive explosion took place little more than three million years ago.<\/p>\n<p>In Galactic terms, that is astonishingly recent. On Earth at that point, the asteroid that triggered the extinction of the dinosaurs was already 63 million years in the past, and humanity\u2019s ancient ancestors, the\u00a0<em>Australopithecines<\/em>, were afoot in Africa.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis is a dramatic event that happened a few million years ago in the Milky Way\u2019s history,\u201d says Professor Lisa Kewley, Director of ASTRO 3D.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cA massive blast of energy and radiation came right out of the galactic centre and into the surrounding material. This shows that the centre of the Milky Way is a much more dynamic place than we had previously thought. It is lucky we\u2019re not residing there!\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The blast, the researchers estimate, lasted for perhaps 300,000 years \u2013 an extremely short period in galactic terms.<\/p>\n<p>In conducting the research, Professor Bland-Hawthorn was joined by colleagues from the Australia National University and University of Sydney, and, in the US, the University of North Carolina, University of Colorado and the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore.<\/p>\n<p>The paper follows on from research also led by Professor Bland-Hawthorn and published in 2013. The earlier work looked at evidence of a massive explosive event beginning in the centre of the Milky Way, ruled out a nuclear starburst as the cause and tentatively tied it to activity in SgrA*.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThese results dramatically change our understanding of the Milky Way,\u201d says co-author Magda Guglielmo from the University of Sydney.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe always thought about our Galaxy as an inactive galaxy, with a not so bright centre. These new results instead open the possibility of a complete reinterpretation of its evolution and nature.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe flare event that occurred three million years ago was so powerful that it had consequences on the\u00a0surrounding of our Galaxy. We are the witness to\u00a0the awakening of the sleeping beauty.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The latest work firms up SgrA* as prime suspect, but, the researchers concede, there is still a lot more work to be done. How black holes evolve, influence and interact with galaxies, they conclude, \u201cis an outstanding problem in astrophysics\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>The paper will be available on the preprint site\u00a0<em>arxiv.org\u00a0<\/em>from Sunday, October 6. Search\u00a0<em>The Large-Scale Ionisation Cones In The Galaxy<\/em>\u00a0or \u201cBland-Hawthorn\u201d from that date to locate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>More information:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Media contacts<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>Professor Joss Bland-Hawthorn is available for interview: +61 406 973 133<\/p>\n<p>Dr Magda Guglielmo is available for interview: +61 435 276 252<\/p>\n<p>Professor Lisa Kewley is available for interview: +61 451 045 968<\/p>\n<p>Further assistance: Andrew Masterson:\u00a0<a href=\"mailto:andrew@scienceinpublic.com.au\">andrew@scienceinpublic.com.au<\/a>; +61 488 777 179<\/p>\n<p>Download the ASTRO 3D Ionisation cones full paper here:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.usyd.edu.au\/~jbh\/share\/Papers\/JBH-Ionization-Cones-Oct19.pdf\">http:\/\/www.physics.usyd.edu.au\/~jbh\/share\/Papers\/JBH-Ionization-Cones-Oct19.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Visuals:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Photo:<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24049\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scienceinpublic.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/Milkyway0-1-1024x576.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.scienceinpublic.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/Milkyway0-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.scienceinpublic.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/Milkyway0-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.scienceinpublic.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/Milkyway0-1-768x432.jpg 768w\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>An artist\u2019s impression of the massive bursts of ionising radiation exploding from the centre of the Milky Way and impacting the Magellanic Stream.<br \/>Credit: James Josephides\/Thorsten Tepper-Garcia\/ASTRO 3D<\/p>\n<p><strong>Video 1<\/strong>:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.usyd.edu.au\/~jbh\/share\/Movies\/MilkyWay_ionized_cone.mp4\">http:\/\/www.physics.usyd.edu.au\/~jbh\/share\/Movies\/MilkyWay_ionized_cone.mp4<\/a><\/p>\n<p>An artist\u2019s impression of the massive bursts of ionising radiation exploding from the centre of the Milky Way and impacting the Magellanic Stream.<br \/>Credit: James Josephides\/ASTRO 3D<\/p>\n<p><strong>Video 2:\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.usyd.edu.au\/~jbh\/share\/Movies\/SgrA*_ionized_cone.gif\">http:\/\/www.physics.usyd.edu.au\/~jbh\/share\/Movies\/SgrA*_ionized_cone.gif<\/a><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24051\" src=\"https:\/\/www.scienceinpublic.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/SgrA__ionized_cone.gif\" alt=\"\" \/><figcaption>A schematic diagram modelling the ionising radiation field over the South Galactic Hemisphere of the Milky Way, disrupted by the Seyfert flare event.<br \/>Credit: Bland-Hawthorne, et al\/ASTRO 3D<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>More about ASTRO 3D:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>ASTRO 3D is a seven-year $40 million Centre of Excellence project funded by the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council. The Centre began in June 2017 and will end in June 2024. It hosts around 200 investigators and professional staff, mostly based at six nodes: the Australian National University, Curtin University, Swinburne University of Technology, University of Melbourne, University of Sydney, and University of Western Australia.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/astro3d.org.au\/\">http:\/\/astro3d.org.au\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>The paper:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1910.02225\">Title:\u00a0<em>The Large-Scale Ionisation Cones In The Galaxy<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Authors:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>JOSS BLAND-HAWTHORN: Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Miller Professor, Miller Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO-3D), Australia.<\/p>\n<p>PHILIP R. MALONEY: Boulder, CO 80301, USA.<\/p>\n<p>RALPH SUTHERLAND:\u00a0Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics,\u00a0Mount Stromlo Observatory, Australia National University\u00a0Woden, ACT 2611, Australia.,\u00a0ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO-3D), Australia.<\/p>\n<p>BRENT GROVES:\u00a0Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics,\u00a0Mount Stromlo Observatory, Australia National University\u00a0Woden, ACT 2611, Australia.<\/p>\n<p>MAGDA GUGLIELMO: WEN HAO LI &amp; ANDREW CURZONS: Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics A28, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia<\/p>\n<p>GERALD CECIL: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA<\/p>\n<p>ANDREW J. FOX: Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA<\/p>\n<p><strong>Additional:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>2003 paper, Bland-Hawthorn et al:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2003ApJ...582..246B\">http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2003ApJ\u2026582..246B<\/a><\/p>\n<p>2013 paper, Bland-Hawthorn et al:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1309.5455\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1309.5455<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Funding:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The researchers acknowledge funding from the Australian Research Council, the 2018 Miller Professorship at UC Berkeley, University of Sydney, and the China-Australia Scholarship funds for short-term internships.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:divi\/placeholder --><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":109,"featured_media":1128,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,2,7,1],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-1123","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-galaxy-evolution","category-news","category-science","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.8 - 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