3. Extraction and Weights

3.1. Weighted Extraction Background

In any spectrograph extraction routine, pixels in the direction orthogonal to the wavelength axis have to be averaged or summed in order to maximise the signal to noise. In the case of multi-fiber spectroscopy where there is some overlap between neighboring fibers, the optimal algorithm is described in Sharp and Birchall (2010, PASA, 27, 91).

For GHOST, the situation is a little more complex, because the “object profile” is not fixed, as it is for the case of single fiber spectroscopy. Each object has a profile that comes from the slit viewing camera, which has to be scaled in the spectrograph x direction and also in flux.

3.2. Weighted Extraction Principle in 1D

Following the Sharp and Birchall notation (section 5.2), we will consider the profiles for object and sky along a single order. These profiles, normalised to 1 along the x direction, are given by

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for object (or sky) k and x-direction pixel i. From the variance plane of the data, we obtain weights for each pixel:

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with

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for bad pixels, including cosmic ray locations.

These weights are used to construct the following two matrices. First, the “cross-talk” matrix between profiles, which should be diagonal except for the (very large!) cross-talk between sky and object:

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and the naieve extraction matrix (which would be the extraction matrix in the case of no cross-talk):

System Message: WARNING/2 (B = b_{kj} = \phi_{kj} w_j )

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This is slightly different to the Sharp and Birchall notation, and for a data vector

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, their equation 11 becomes:

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which is solved by:

System Message: WARNING/2 (\eta_k = \Sigma_i z_{ki} D_i )

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for an extraction weights matrix

System Message: WARNING/2 (Z=z_{ki})

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being computed by:

System Message: WARNING/2 (Z = C^{-1} \cdot B )

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This matrix also subtracts the sky as measured. The extraction weights

System Message: WARNING/2 (z_{kj})

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are stored in an array that is nx

System Message: WARNING/2 (\times)

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ny pixels in size, where weights from every order are added together. This only causes a potential problem for 8x1 binning in the shortest-wavelength orders. For these orders, where there is an overlap, it is important that those pixels are marked as bad in the reduction software.

3.3. Slit Tilt and PSF Variation Issues

One problem with the algorithm above is that it assumes that the two-dimensional point-spread-function is the product of spectral and spatial point spread functions. This was the case for single fiber profiles imaged with spectrographs with typical aberrations as used by Sharp and Birchall, producing a near-Gaussian profile. However, for GHOST, even individual fiber profiles are not quite Gaussian. We avoid the most significant problems with this while preserving the need to weight differently at high versus low signal-to-noise by convolving the variance array both spatially and spectrally. In the current implementation, the spectral weights are convolved by a Hanning window of ~7 pixel FWHM, and the spatial variance is convolved by a function of ~2 pixels FWHM.

3.4. Weighted Extraction Principle in 2D

For object profiles in 2-dimensions, we choose to extract as in 1-dimension, but where we interpolate linearly between the nearest two pixels in the wavelength direction only, so that the mean wavelength extracted for each pixel in the x direction corresponds to the wavelength solution wavelength for the slit central pixel. This has the effect of adding an additional dimension to the extraction weights variables:

System Message: WARNING/2 (\eta_k = \Sigma_l \Sigma_i z_{kil} a_{il} D_i )

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where the sum over l is over pixels in the dispersion direction, and the dispersion interpolation weights are given by

System Message: WARNING/2 (a_{il})

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